The digestion of yeast cell wall polysaccharides in veal calves

1. The digestibility of the cell wall polysaccharides of an alkane-grown yeast in different parts of the digestive tract of two veal calves fitted with re-entrant cannulas at the end of the ileum was studied by replacing part of the skim-milk powder of their ‘normal’, milk-substitute (all-milk-protein) diet by yeast (yeast diet). 2. The lactose and glucose of both the all-milk-protein diet and the yeast diet were almost completely digested before the end of the ileum. During this digestion a small amount of oligosaccharides composed of galactose and glucose was synthesized. These oligosaccharides were digested again in the large intestine. 3. The constituent sugars of the water-soluble fraction of the yeast cell wall carbohydrates were glucose and mannose. The 0.5 m-sulphuric acid-hydrolysate of the water-insoluble fraction contained glucose and mannose and the 12 m-H2SO4-hydrolysate only glucose. 4. Digestibilities of these fractions over the whole gastrointestinal tract ranged from 0.77 to 0.90. Digestibilities measured at the end of the ileum varied considerably between the two animals and averaged only about 0.40. 5. These findings suggest that the cell wall polysaccharides of yeast are digested very little by the normal digestive enzymes of the calf's small intestine, but are used as a substrate by the bacterial flora which are mainly concentrated in the large intestine

Using LibQUAL+® to Identify Commonalities in Customer Satisfaction: The Secret to Success?

Purpose – What is the key to library user satisfaction? Can LibQUAL+® help in the quest for delivering a quality library service? The purpose of this paper is to present international research into library customer satisfaction as measured by the LibQUAL+® survey methodology. Commonalities of satisfaction and dissatisfaction have been identified which influence the customers overall view of the library. This knowledge can be used to further increase customer satisfaction through targeting these areas for service improvement. Design/methodology/approach – The LibQUAL+® results from SCONUL Libraries, Utrecht and Leiden Universities were analysed to explore the differences between customers who were very satisfied, and those who were very dissatisfied, with the service. Results from each of the three dimensions of service quality were reviewed separately. The survey results from respondents who had given a high satisfaction mean score to one of the three dimensions were analysed to assess if they had also given high satisfaction mean scores overall. This process was then repeated for those who had given low satisfaction mean scores. Findings – Respondents with high satisfaction mean scores in the Information Control dimension were discovered to have the largest positive scores for the overall average perceived scores, indicating they are the most satisfied customers. When reviewing the surveys with low satisfaction mean scores in the Affect of Service dimension it was discovered that these respondents also had the largest negative scores for the overall average perceived scores, indicating they are the most dissatisfied customers. The findings show that both information resources and customer service affects the overall opinion of the library service for all customer groups. Research limitations/implications – Good information resources has a positive effect on customers’ opinions of the library just as much as poor service from library staff has a detrimental effect. Any conclusions drawn from these findings should recognise that the research is limited to measuring service quality within the confines of the LibQUAL+® survey methodology. The research has not investigated the reasons for the commonality, nor do these averages say anything about the motivation for each individual respondent to give these scores in the survey. Practical implications – Statistical analyses confirm that these findings hold for every user group. Therefore, for the library manager seeking to deliver a quality library service it will be important to take both of these factors into account and deliver information not only in a professional, but also in a helpful manner. Originality/value – Although based on previous research, the extension of the analysis from an institutional level to an international consortia level strengthens the initial research conclusions. The findings, implications, and conclusions are valuable to library managers seeking to improve the customer perceptions of their library service, providing evidence of factors that influence customers’ opinions

Socialist Principles of Appropriative Justice

During the last quarter of the twentieth century, many analytical Marxists contributed to the revival of the debate concerning the relationship between Marxism and morality. One such attempt made by Ziyad Husami (1978) was to derive a ‘socialist principle of justice’ from Marx’s “Critique of the Gotha Programme”. For Husami this ‘socialist principle of justice’ takes the form of “from each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution”. From this principle Husami derives the conclusion that capitalist exploitation is unjust because the workers do not appropriate the surplus value they create during the production process. In this paper I will argue that what really makes capitalist exploitation unjust is not that workers do not appropriate the surplus product but rather that they do not appropriate the total product of their labor. Following Ellerman and Burczak, I develop this insight further to conclude that socializing the means of production and abolishing private property are not necessary eliminate capitalist exploitation. Furthermore, I want to argue that this notion of appropriative justice can be grounded in a Kantian framework but ultimately that a Hegelian framework should be preferred as it is more faithful to Marx’s philosophical worldview

Novel patient-derived 3D culture models to guide clinical decision-making in prostate cancer

Castration-resistant prostate cancer remains an incurable disease. The unmet clinical need to optimally select individual treatment options, and thereby maximize survival benefit, can be addressed by patient-specific preclinical models. Patient-derived organoids preserve original tumor characteristics and have shown potential for high-throughput assessments and coclinical drug testing, as highlighted for several cancer types in this review. This new patient-derived 3D culture technique and its downstream applications are the subjects of intense investigation in prostate cancer. Although challenges are not trivial, we expect a major impact on prostate cancer research, with a window of opportunities for early bench-to-bedside translation of new drug discoveries and guidance of patient-tailored disease management

A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)

The Morelloid clade, also known as the black nightshades or ?Maurella? (Morella), is one of the 10 major clades within Solanum L. The pantropical clade consists of 75 currently recognised non-spiny herbaceous and suffrutescent species with simple or branched hairs with or without glandular tips, with a centre of distribution in the tropical Andes. A secondary centre of diversity is found in Africa, where a set of mainly polyploid taxa occur. A yet smaller set of species is found in Australasia and Europe, including Solanum nigrum L., the type of the genus Solanum. Due to the large number of published synonyms, combined with complex morphological variation, our understanding of species limits and diversity in the Morelloid clade has remained poor despite detailed morphological studies carried out in conjunction with breeding experiments. Here we provide the first taxonomic overview since the 19th century of the entire group in the Old World, including Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and islands of the Pacific. Complete synonymy, morphological descriptions, distribution maps and common names and uses are provided for all 19 species occurring outside the Americas (i.e. Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and islands of the Pacific). We treat 12 species native to the Old World, as well as 7 taxa that are putatively introduced and/or invasive in the region. The current knowledge of the origin of the polyploid species is summarised. A key to all of the species occurring in the Old World is provided, together with line drawings and colour figures to aid identification both in herbaria and in the field. Preliminary conservation assessments are provided for all species.Fil: Sarkinen, T.. University Of Edinburgh; Reino UnidoFil: Poczai, P.